Traditional rite culture in the context of natural and social cataclysms (on the example of Trans-Kama Udmurts)

This paper, based on published, archival and field ethnographic materials, considers the state of ritual ceremonial sphere ethnic culture under conditions natural social cataclysms example Trans-Kama Udmurts living in Republic Bashkortostan Perm Krai, who didnt undergo baptism preserved their traditional religious rites. It is shown that calendar agrarian ceremonies implied rituals aimed at preventing emergency situations (frost, strong thunderstorms wind, hail, drought, etc.), crop failure onset famine. There were also special to ward off epizootics epidemics, which often occurred past due unsanitary almost complete absence veterinary medical care. At calamities, occasional actualized eliminate or minimize consequences. The harvest very life members rural community depended exact timely execution. In this connection, rites expel insects, call for rain, etc., conducted. Epidemics curbed through propitiatory sacrifices expulsion diseases. Social disasters, such as famine wars, scarcity vital resources, led minimization rituals. same time various magical practices (fortune-telling) became more active. Extreme last years (pandemic COVID-19 drought) have development new forms carrying out customs revitalized obsolete ones.